ebab7d0da53c51438720d60c6e2e467c - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

</head>

Java War

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Java_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Java War (disambiguation)">Java War (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Java War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="Dutch_colonization_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch colonization of Indonesia">Dutch colonization of Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"></div></div></div></div></div>From top, left to right: <a href="Storming_of_Pleret" title="Storming of Pleret">Storming of Pleret</a>, <a href="Battle_of_Gawok" title="Battle of Gawok">attack on Diponegoro near Gawok</a>, charge of Dutch hussars at Magelang, <a href="The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock" title="The Submission of Prince Dipo Negoro to General De Kock">Submission of Dipo Negoro to De Kock</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="Skirmish_at_Tegalreja" title="Skirmish at Tegalreja">20 July 1825</a> – 28 March 1830</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central</a> and <a href="East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Dutch victory</li></ul></div>

<ul><li><a href="Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a> exiled to <a href="Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<a href="Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <a href="Mangkunegaran" title="Mangkunegaran">Mangkunegaran</a> <a href="Pakualaman" title="Pakualaman">Pakualaman</a> <a href="Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a><a href="#cite_note-states-3">[a]</a> <a href="Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a><a href="#cite_note-states-3">[a]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

Javanese rebels</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Hendrik_Merkus_de_Kock" title="Hendrik Merkus de Kock">Hendrik M. de Kock</a></li><li>J. J. van Geen</li><li><a href="Mangkunegara_II" title="Mangkunegara II">Mangkunegara II</a></li><li><a href="Leonard_du_Bus_de_Gisignies" title="Leonard du Bus de Gisignies">Leonard du Bus</a></li><li><a href="Johannes_van_den_Bosch" title="Johannes van den Bosch">Johannes van den Bosch</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a> (<a href="Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li><li><a href="Sentot_Prawirodirdjo" title="Sentot Prawirodirdjo">Sentot Prawirodirdjo</a> <a href="Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"></a></li><li><a href="Kyai_Maja" title="Kyai Maja">Kyai Maja</a> <a href="Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"></a></li><li>Jayakusuma I <a href="Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

>20,000<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

15,000 dead (8,000 European, 7,000 local recruits)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey197652-11">[8]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

Up to 20,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-tatequote-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-statenc-13">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;">

>200,000 civilians dead<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey197652-11">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Java_War1585" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Java_War1585" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Skirmish_at_Tegalreja" title="Skirmish at Tegalreja">Tegalreja</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Fort_Vredeburg" title="Battle of Fort Vredeburg">Fort Vredeburg</a></li>

<li>Yogyakarta</li>

<li><a href="Attack_on_Selarong" title="Attack on Selarong">Selarong</a></li>

<li>Ngawi</li>

<li><a href="Storming_of_Pleret" title="Storming of Pleret">Plered</a></li>

<li>Serang</li>

<li>Dekso</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Lengkong_(1826)" title="Battle of Lengkong (1826)">Lengkong</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kejiwan" title="Battle of Kejiwan">Kejiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Delanggu" title="Battle of Delanggu">Delanggu</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Gawok" title="Battle of Gawok">Gawok</a></li>

<li>Kotagede</li>

<li><a href="Sasradilaga_rebellion" title="Sasradilaga rebellion">Rembang</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kroya" title="Battle of Kroya">Kroya</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Nanggulon" title="Battle of Nanggulon">Nanggulon</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Siluk" title="Battle of Siluk">Siluk</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambush_at_Mount_Kelir" title="Ambush at Mount Kelir">Mount Kelir</a></li>

<li>Magelang</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_colonial_conflicts11712" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Dutch_colonial_conflicts11712" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">17th century

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Bantam" title="Battle of Bantam">Bantam (1601)</a></li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_Amboina" title="Capture of Amboina">Amboina (1605)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)" title="Siege of Malacca (1606)">Malacca (1606)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cape_Rachado" title="Battle of Cape Rachado">Cape Rachado (1606)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pulo_Buton" title="Battle of Pulo Buton">Pulo Buton (1606)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Mozambique_(1607)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1607)">Mozambique (1607)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Mozambique_(1608)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1608)">Mozambique (1608)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands (1609–21)</a></li>

<li><a href="Acehnese_invasion_of_Johor" title="Acehnese invasion of Johor">Johor (1613)</a></li>

<li><a href="Jayakarta_War" title="Jayakarta War">Jayakarta (1618–19)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_Jayakarta" title="Fall of Jayakarta">Jayakarta (1619)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">Macau (1622)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Pescadores (1622–24)</a></li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Salvador">Salvador (1624)</a></li>

<li><a href="Filips_van_Zuylen's_campaign_agaisnt_Luanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Filips van Zuylen's campaign agaisnt Luanda">Luanda (1624)</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_of_1_February_1625" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Persian Gulf (1625)</a></li>

<li><a href="Recapture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Salvador">Salvador (1625)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)" title="Battle of Elmina (1625)">Elmina (1625)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Batavia" title="Siege of Batavia">Batavia (1628–29)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Recife_(1630)" title="Siege of Recife (1630)">Recife (1630)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Jambi" title="Battle of Jambi">Jambi (1630)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos (1631)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay (1633)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_pacification_campaign_on_Formosa" title="Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa">Taiwan (1635–36)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Mata_Redonda" title="Battle of Mata Redonda">Brazil (1636)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Liuqiu Island (1636)</a></li>

<li><a href="Campaign_of_Porto_Calvo" title="Campaign of Porto Calvo">Porto Calvo (1637)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">Elmina (1637)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–43)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Salvador (1638)</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">Mormugão (1639)</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Itamaracá (1640)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Ceylon (1640)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">Malacca (1641)</a></li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_Luanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Luanda">Luanda (1641)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">Taiwan (1641)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Taiwan (1642)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Chile (1643)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambodian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Cambodian–Dutch War">Cambodia (1643–44)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kieft's_War" title="Kieft's War">New Netherland (1643–45)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dano-Carical_Conflict" title="Dano-Carical Conflict">India (1644-45)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tabocas" title="Battle of Tabocas">Tabocas (1645)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Casa_Forte" title="Battle of Casa Forte">Brazil (1645)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Philippines (1646)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Kombi (1647)</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">Guararapes (1648)</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Guararapes (1649)</a></li>

<li><a href="Guo_Huaiyi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Guo Huaiyi Rebellion">Taiwan (1652)</a></li>

<li><a href="Recapture_of_Recife_(1652-54)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Recife (1652-54)">2nd Recife (1652-1654)</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_of_2_May_1654" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 2 May 1654">2nd Colombo (1654)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Mannar_(1658)" title="Battle of Mannar (1658)">Mannar (1658)</a></li>

<li><a href="Conquest_of_Malabar_(1658-1663)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Malabar (1658-1663)">Malabar (1658-1663)</a></li>

<li><a href="Esopus_Wars" title="Esopus Wars">New Netherland (1659–63)</a></li>

<li><a href="Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Cape Colony (1659-1677)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia">Formosa (1661–62)</a></li>

<li><a href="Makassar_War" title="Makassar War">Sulawesi (1666–69)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kandyan-Dutch_War_(1670-1675)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandyan-Dutch War (1670-1675)">Ceylon (1670-1670)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Masulipatnam" title="Battle of Masulipatnam">India (1673)</a></li>

18th century

<li><a href="Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Travancore–Dutch War">India (1739–41)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Penfui" title="Battle of Penfui">Penfui (1749)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1764%E2%80%931766)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)">Ceylon (1764-1766)</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Persian–Dutch War">Persian gulf (1765)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Negapatam" title="Siege of Negapatam">India (1781)</a></li>

<li><a href="Raid_on_Sumatra" title="Raid on Sumatra">Sumatra (1781)</a></li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_Trincomalee" title="Capture of Trincomalee">Ceylon (1782)</a></li>

<li><a href="Shirley's_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast (1782)</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony (1795)</a></li></ul>

19th century

<ul><li><a href="Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam (1804)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony (1806)</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Moluccas (1810)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers (1816)</a></li>

<li><a href="Commissioners-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Interlude:_the_suppression_of_the_insurrection_of_Pattimura" title="Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies">Ambon (1817)</a></li>

<li><a href="First_expedition_to_Palembang" title="First expedition to Palembang">Palembang (1819)</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_expedition_to_Palembang" title="Second expedition to Palembang">Palembang (1821)</a></li>

<li><a href="Padri_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Padri War">Sumatra (1821–37)</a></li>

<li><a href="Expedition_to_the_West_Coast_of_Borneo" title="Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo">Borneo (1823)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch%E2%80%93Ahanta_War" title="Dutch–Ahanta War">Ahanta (1837–39)</a></li>

<li><a href="Palembang_Bovenlanden_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Palembang Bovenlanden Expeditions">Palembang (1851–59)</a></li>

<li><a href="Expedition_against_the_Chinese_in_Montrado" title="Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado">Montrado (1854–55)</a></li>

<li><a href="Banjarmasin_War" title="Banjarmasin War">Borneo (1859–63)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battles_for_Shimonoseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles for Shimonoseki">Japan (1863–64)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasoemah_Expedition" title="Pasoemah Expedition">Pasoemah (1864–68)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Gold_Coast_expedition_of_1869%E2%80%9370" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Gold Coast expedition of 1869–70">Gold Coast (1869–70)</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_uprising_in_Mandor%2C_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese uprising in Mandor, Borneo">Mandor (1884–85)</a></li>

<li><a href="Jambi_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambi Uprising">Jambi (1885)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_intervention_in_Lombok_and_Karangasem" title="Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem">Lombok and Karangasem (1894)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedir_Expedition" title="Pedir Expedition">Pedir (1897–98)</a></li></ul>

20th century

<ul><li><a href="Kerinci_Expedition" title="Kerinci Expedition">Kerinci (1903)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch%E2%80%93Venezuelan_crisis_of_1908" title="Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908">Venezuela (1908)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Indonesia (1941–45)</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesia (1946–49)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

The Java War (<a href="Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦗꦮ; <a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: De Java-oorlog; <a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Perang Jawa), also known in Indonesia as the Diponegoro War (<a href="Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ; <a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Perang Diponegoro), was an armed conflict in central and eastern <a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a> from 1825 to 1830, between native <a href="Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> rebels headed by Prince <a href="Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a> and the <a href="Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> supported by <a href="Vorstenlanden" title="Vorstenlanden">Javanese princely states</a>. It is considered a watershed in Javanese history, culture, and society.

During the early nineteenth century, declining Dutch power along with increased centralization of colonial authorities through brief <a href="Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">French</a> and <a href="Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">British</a> controls had changed the political order established after the 1755 <a href="Treaty_of_Giyanti" title="Treaty of Giyanti">Treaty of Giyanti</a>, at the expense of the <a href="Vorstenlanden" title="Vorstenlanden">native Javanese princely states</a>. After the deaths of <a href="Sultanate_of_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Yogyakarta">Sultans of Yogyakarta</a> <a href="Hamengkubuwono_III" title="Hamengkubuwono III">Hamengkubuwono III</a> and <a href="Hamengkubuwono_IV" title="Hamengkubuwono IV">IV</a>, along with the return of Dutch presence, Hamengkubuwono III's eldest son Diponegoro became estranged from Yogyakarta's regency of <a href="Hamengkubuwono_V" title="Hamengkubuwono V">Hamengkubuwono V</a> and with the colonial government. With a <a href="Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> movement emerging and claimed visions of a holy war, Diponegoro would launch his rebellion following tensions caused by a government road project in July 1825.

Shortly after the outbreak of the revolt, rebel forces laid siege to Yogyakarta, which was lifted following the arrival of a large Dutch relief force under <a href="Hendrik_Merkus_de_Kock" title="Hendrik Merkus de Kock">H. M. de Kock</a>. Diponegoro and his forces moved north towards <a href="Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, defeating Dutch forces in a series of engagements throughout mid-1826 before <a href="Battle_of_Gawok" title="Battle of Gawok">being defeated west of the city</a>. Other leaders affiliated with the rebellion took up arms in Java's north coast and in <a href="East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>. The war transitioned into a guerilla war, with Dutch forces failing to stamp out guerilla activity due to Diponegoro's popular support and Dutch manpower shortages.

By 1827, Dutch forces began employing an extensive strategy of field fortifications (Bentengsteelsel), gradually limiting Diponegoro's ability to maneuver and control territory. The war turned against Diponegoro, and his territorial control began to shrink as rebel forces became confined to the west of Yogyakarta. Further rebel setbacks in 1828 and 1829 saw their remaining armies depleted, with many key commanders surrendering or killed in action. Following <a href="Battle_of_Siluk" title="Battle of Siluk">a defeat in September 1829</a>, Diponegoro led just a small group of guerillas. During an attempt at negotiations, Diponegoro was captured while meeting with de Kock in <a href="Magelang" title="Magelang">Magelang</a>, and he was exiled to <a href="Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> where he died in 1855.

The war had disastrous consequences for Java, marking the last significant armed resistance to Dutch rule until the <a href="Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> over a century later. The princely states lost much of their remaining powers and territories, giving the Dutch uncontested rule over the island. At least 200,000 Javanese civilians were killed by violence or resulting disease and starvation, with military losses of 15,000 dead for the Dutch military and around 20,000 dead for the rebels. While the costs of waging the war for the Dutch were heavy, the implementation of the <a href="Cultivation_System" title="Cultivation System">Cultivation System</a> in its immediate aftermath generated enormous revenues for the colonial government.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

The 1755 <a href="Treaty_of_Giyanti" title="Treaty of Giyanti">Treaty of Giyanti</a> divided the <a href="Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> in Java into <a href="Vorstenlanden" title="Vorstenlanden">Vorstenlanden</a> (princely states): the <a href="Sultanate_of_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Yogyakarta">Sultanate of Yogyakarta</a> and the <a href="Sunanate_of_Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunanate of Surakarta">Sunanate of Surakarta</a>, and later <a href="Mangkunegaran" title="Mangkunegaran">Mangkunegaran</a> (1757).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201512-14">[11]</a> It brought a period of peace after the <a href="Javanese_Wars_of_Succession" title="Javanese Wars of Succession">Javanese Wars of Succession</a>, and allowed for major population growth in Java.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201535–36-15">[12]</a> Due to Dutch relative weakness in the late eighteenth century, the princely states possessed de facto sovereignty. The <a href="Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a>, the <a href="French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a>, and the <a href="Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>'s bankruptcy in 1799 further weakened the Dutch position, with Dutch colonial authorities in <a href="Batavia%2C_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> requesting assistance from the princely states to defend Dutch territories in Java.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015xi–xii-16">[13]</a>

Under <a href="Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Napoleonic Netherlands</a>, <a href="Herman_Willem_Daendels" title="Herman Willem Daendels">Herman Willem Daendels</a> became <a href="Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies">Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015157-17">[14]</a> Daendels aimed to weaken the princely states and prepare defences against a British invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015159–160-18">[15]</a> Daendels harshly enforced colonial authority, boosting anti-Dutch sentiment in the Yogyakarta court and causing an abortive armed revolt by Yogyakarta <a href="Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">bupati</a> Rongga Prawiradirja in 1810.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015218–222-19">[16]</a> The following year, Daendels was replaced, and British forces <a href="Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">seized Java</a> the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015275–287-20">[17]</a> Tensions remained between Yogyakarta and British administrators,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015312–315-21">[18]</a> and a British force of 1,200 troops <a href="Sack_of_Yogyakarta" title="Sack of Yogyakarta">sacked the Yogyakarta keraton</a> on 20 June 1812, deposing Sultan <a href="Hamengkubuwono_II" title="Hamengkubuwono II">Hamengkubuwono II</a> in favor of his son <a href="Hamengkubuwono_III" title="Hamengkubuwono III">Hamengkubuwono III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015331–343-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[d]</a> During their four-year control, the British split off part of Yogyakarta to form the <a href="Pakualaman" title="Pakualaman">Pakualaman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015359–362-27">[23]</a> introduced a cash-based land tax which caused hardship to peasants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015464–465-28">[24]</a> and forced the princely states to limit the size of their militaries and cede territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015377–381-29">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</h3></div>

Prince <a href="Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a> (born 1785) was the eldest son of Hamengkubuwono III. Through his mother, he claimed ancestry from the <a href="Wali_Songo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wali Songo">Wali Songo</a>, early apostles of Islam in Java.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201569–72-30">[26]</a> In 1805, he made a pilgrimage to the southern coast of Java. He wrote that he received visions there from <a href="Sunan_Kalijaga" title="Sunan Kalijaga">Sunan Kalijaga</a> and <a href="Nyai_Roro_Kidul" title="Nyai Roro Kidul">Ratu Kidul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015132–146-31">[27]</a> He also wrote of warnings of the destruction of Yogyakarta and ruin for Java.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015150-32">[28]</a> Shortly prior to the British sack of Yogyakarta, he was offered the position of crown prince under his father, but he refused the offer, passing the position on to <a href="Hamengkubuwono_IV" title="Hamengkubuwono IV">his child younger brother</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015324–325-33">[29]</a> Likely, he had been offered the position due to the aid he provided to the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949426-34">[30]</a> Hamengkubuwono III would die in 1814, and with his successor still being a boy, a regency was installed with <a href="Paku_Alam_I" title="Paku Alam I">Paku Alam I</a> as regent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015405–409-35">[31]</a>

Following Dutch return in 1816,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015431-36">[32]</a> Diponegoro's view of the Dutch and the Sultanate began deteriorating due to tax collection disputes and the arrest of a well-known religious leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015443–453-37">[33]</a> He also opposed the introduction of a land rent system in the late 1810s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015458–462-38">[34]</a> A <a href="Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> movement began to emerge in the Javanese countryside,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015485–493-39">[35]</a> fueled by a 1821 cholera epidemic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015494–495-40">[36]</a> and an eruption of <a href="Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a> in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015515-41">[37]</a> A minor uprising by Diponegoro's great-uncle was suppressed in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015495–498-42">[38]</a> Hamengkubuwono IV died suddenly in December 1822,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015502–503-43">[39]</a> and with the new Sultan <a href="Hamengkubuwono_V" title="Hamengkubuwono V">Hamengkubuwono V</a> being two years old, Diponegoro was appointed one of his guardians. His relationship with other guardians was poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015507–510-44">[40]</a> In 1823, Dutch official A. H. Smissaert was appointed Resident in Yogyakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015517–518-45">[41]</a> Smissaert alienated the aristocracy by offering to represent the young Sultan in a royal ceremony,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015525–527-46">[42]</a> and angered them further by demanding heavy indemnities after abolishing the land rent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015532–534-47">[43]</a> Diponegoro was appointed to negotiate indemnities, but negotiations went poorly, and by 1824 Diponegoro refused to be involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015541–542-48">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak">Outbreak</h2></div>

Political moves from other guardians of Hamengkubuwono V in 1824 resulted in the expulsion of several of Diponegoro's allies from court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015543–547-49">[45]</a> Diponegoro also experienced humiliation from Smissaert and his officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015550–551-50">[46]</a> In early 1825, Dutch authorities annexed some territory from the Sultanate as a lease, without consulting Diponegoro in his capacity as the Sultan's guardian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015560–561-51">[47]</a> During this period, Diponegoro claimed to have experienced a series of visions urging him to engage in a holy war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015560–561-51">[47]</a> By late 1824, he began meeting with other Yogyakartan officials to plan a rebellion, prepared armaments and supplies, and contacting armed bandit groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015591–594-52">[48]</a> On 17 June 1825, Smissaert ordered a road near Yogya to be repaired, which happened to pass by Diponegoro's estate of Tegalreja. Occasional fights broke out between the road workers and Diponegoro's men, and by July, a large number of Diponegoro's supporters began gathering at Tegalreja for military action. On 20 July, a detachment of Dutch and Yogyakartan troops was sent to Tegalreja in order to arrest Diponegoro, and after <a href="Skirmish_at_Tegalreja" title="Skirmish at Tegalreja">a skirmish</a> Diponegoro retreated with his men to Selarong Cave. Diponegoro declared his rebellion on 21 July 1825.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015597–602-53">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces">Forces</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch">Dutch</h3></div>

Upon receiving news of Diponegoro's uprising, Dutch forces in the region quickly moved to Yogyakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894257-54">[50]</a> Some of the Dutch forces in the archipelago was engaged in <a href="First_Bone_War" title="First Bone War">an expedition in South Sulawesi</a>, and they were recalled to Java.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Overall Dutch military command in the Indies, under <a href="Hendrik_Merkus_de_Kock" title="Hendrik Merkus de Kock">Hendrik Merkus de Kock</a>, had 12,500 men, of which half were native Indonesian recruits whose loyalties were doubted by the Dutch. He would later receive additional troops – 3,154<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002294-56">[52]</a> European soldiers from the Netherlands and over 10,000 native auxiliaries recruited during the war. De Kock's Javanese auxiliaries were equipped similarly with Diponegoro's men, and had similar issues on loyalty to the Dutch cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen2012280-4">[3]</a> A number of the Dutch soldiers and officers were veterans of the Napoleonic Wars, who had moved to Java to seek new fortunes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201567-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a>

The Dutch also made heavy use of soldiers from elsewhere in the archipelago. In 1828, for instance, while auxiliaries from Java and nearby <a href="Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> numbered just over 5,000, auxiliaries were also recruited from <a href="North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a> and <a href="Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a> (~1,300 men), <a href="Buton_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Buton Island">Buton</a> (700 men), and the <a href="Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> (850 men). <a href="Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Balinese kingdoms</a> also provided 1,000 soldiers as mercenaries to the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002187–188-59">[55]</a> Regular Dutch troops were armed with <a href="Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> muskets, and these were also captured and used by the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015609-60">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Princely_states">Princely states</h3></div>

The leadership of both Yogyakarta and Surakarta were split: British historian <a href="Peter_Carey_(historian)" title="Peter Carey (historian)">Peter Carey</a> listed fifteen princes of the Yogyakartan royal family which sided with Diponegoro with a similar number remaining loyal to the Sultan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015795–798-61">[57]</a> while Dutch records described the Surakarta Sunan <a href="Pakubuwono_VI" title="Pakubuwono VI">Pakubuwono VI</a> as "ambiguous"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1905480–481-62">[58]</a> with a court divided between Dutch and Diponegoro supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190410-63">[59]</a> On the other hand, the <a href="Mangkunegaran" title="Mangkunegaran">Mangkunegaran</a> under <a href="Mangkunegara_II" title="Mangkunegara II">Mangkunegara II</a> took a more active pro-Dutch stance in the war, with the <a href="Legiun_Mangkunegaran" title="Legiun Mangkunegaran">Mangkunegaran Legion</a> campaigning independently against rebels in Surakartan and Yogyakartan territory until its defeat in 1826.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190410–11-64">[60]</a> He would later be given a <a href="Military_Order_of_William" title="Military Order of William">Military Order of William</a> award for his role in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015182-65">[61]</a> The <a href="Pakualaman" title="Pakualaman">Pakualaman</a> under <a href="Paku_Alam_I" title="Paku Alam I">Paku Alam I</a> similarly remained loyal to the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015797-66">[62]</a>

During British rule, the Sultanate of Yogyakarta alone was able to raise around 10,000 soldiers on a short notice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey20155–7-67">[63]</a> The cessions of land in 1812 had weakened the states, however.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw19048-68">[64]</a> Throughout the war itself, the raising of troops by the princely states was limited, and were primarily small units policing secured territories. The Mangkunegaran Legion offered more troops, but due to lack of armaments, they were not raised. Dutch commanders throughout the war complained of the performance of troops provided by the Sunanate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190575–78-69">[65]</a> Out of around 9,000 native auxiliary troops recorded by the Dutch in 1828, about 2,500 were part of the Mangkunegaran Legion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190540–41-70">[66]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebels">Rebels</h3></div>

Diponegoro's forces quickly gathered at Selarong, with the Dutch reporting that "no fewer than seventy" members of the royal family joining him with their armed retinues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894257-54">[50]</a> The men had limited numbers of firearms, being primarily equipped with Javanese traditional weapons such as <a href="Bamboo_spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo spear">bamboo spears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015607-71">[67]</a> However, Diponegoro's men would also employ captured Dutch firearms and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015609-60">[56]</a> The rebels followed the organizational structure of the <a href="Janissary" title="Janissary">janissary</a> units of the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Diponegoro subdivided his forces to sixteen commanders of noble origin, covering their own areas with a nominal force and <a href="Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> of 1,000 men and 10,000 households each, plus six units of royal guards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200268–70-7">[5]</a> Diponegoro himself had a personal bodyguard of 300 to 400 cavalrymen and a similar number of armed men from a priestly order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015631-72">[68]</a>

Overall military command was not held by Diponegoro, instead, it was held by <a href="Sentot_Prawirodirdjo" title="Sentot Prawirodirdjo">Sentot Prawirodirdjo</a>, son of the late rebel Rongga Prawiradirdja, late in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200271-73">[69]</a> Other senior rebel leaders included <a href="Kyai_Maja" title="Kyai Maja">Kyai Maja</a>, Diponegoro's spiritual adviser,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201592-74">[70]</a> and Diponegoro's uncle Prince Jayakusuma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201571-75">[71]</a> The army was initially financed through contributions from Javanese aristocrats siding with Diponegoro.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015607-71">[67]</a> Many villages also sided with Diponegoro's forces, and as these had been fortified prior to the war to prevent bandit raids, they became useful strongpoints for the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015608-76">[72]</a> They also took control of abandoned Mataram forts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200271-73">[69]</a>

During the guerilla war, rebels favored hiding in grassy areas near roads before using snipers to ambush Dutch formations, with cavalry units camouflaged by bamboo fences and local villagers armed with farming implements joining the fight to cut off Dutch lines of retreat. The villagers would also construct roadblocks from felled trees or sharpened bamboo stakes. Dutch authorities suspected British or American smugglers of selling firearms to Diponegoro.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015608-76">[72]</a> Rebels manufactured their own ammunition and gunpowder, while also receiving supplies from smugglers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015610-77">[73]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3></div>

Diponegoro's forces in Selarong received an early morale boost by a successful ambush and destruction of a Dutch column on its way to assembling in Yogyakarta, which also allowed the rebels to capture Dutch weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894257–259-79">[75]</a> De Kock was appointed commissioner to the princely states on 26 July, giving him authority over military operations and civil affairs in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894253-80">[76]</a> By 28 July, Diponegoro's forces had moved out of Selarong, and laid siege to Yogyakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894261-81">[77]</a> As Dutch forces sent reinforcements from <a href="Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> in an attempt to relieve the siege,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894263-82">[78]</a> further uprisings aligned with Diponegoro broke out in Dutch-controlled territory recently ceded by the princely states to the north and northwest of Yogyakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894265-83">[79]</a>

The Dutch relief force, accompanied by troops from <a href="Sumenep_Regency" title="Sumenep Regency">Sumenep</a> and the Mangkunegaran, arrived in Yogyakarta in 19 August and prevented the city from falling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894303-84">[80]</a> Dutch forces also reinforced the <a href="Magelang" title="Magelang">Magelang</a> area, suppressing several uprisings there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894322-85">[81]</a> The rebels would unsuccessfully assault Yogyakarta several times throughout August and September,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894340–360-86">[82]</a> until a relief force of 7,500 commanded by de Kock arrived in Yogyakarta on 25 September and ended the siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894396-87">[83]</a> De Kock attempted to negotiate with Diponegoro by September 1825, but Diponegoro rejected his offer. An attempt by Dutch forces to assault Selarong failed shortly after, as Diponegoro had evacuated his hideout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200281-88">[84]</a> De Kock continued his attempt to capture Diponegoro throughout late 1825 and 1826, but despite a series of skirmishes and battles, failed to capture him. Dutch forces also captured in June 1826 a rebel strongpoint at Pleret, Mataram's old capital, following <a href="Storming_of_Pleret" title="Storming of Pleret">an assault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200283–84-89">[85]</a>

Diponegoro's army began to march northwards, <a href="Battle_of_Lengkong_(1826)" title="Battle of Lengkong (1826)">killing a large number of Yogyakartan nobles in an ambush</a>, <a href="Battle_of_Kejiwan" title="Battle of Kejiwan">destroying a Dutch column</a> near <a href="Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a> and <a href="Battle_of_Delanggu" title="Battle of Delanggu">seizing a Dutch strongpoint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1897386–390-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200285-91">[87]</a> He linked up with a rebel force commanded by <a href="Kyai_Maja" title="Kyai Maja">Kyai Maja</a> and moved to assault de Kock's headquarters in <a href="Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200285-91">[87]</a> However, disagreements between Kyai Maja and Diponegoro caused delays which allowed Dutch forces to concentrate in Surakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015642-92">[88]</a> <a href="Battle_of_Gawok" title="Battle of Gawok">Diponegoro was defeated near Gawok</a> west of Surakarta on 15 October 1826, shattering his numerical advantage and severely limiting the rebels' ability to engage in offensive operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200296-93">[89]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guerilla_war">Guerilla war</h3></div>

Diponegoro retreated westwards after his defeat at Gawok, still in command of a scattered army of around 5,000 and continuously receiving supplies and firearms through smugglers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002130-94">[90]</a> Although he lost the core of his army, he continued to fight a guerilla war and retained control of much of the Yogyakarta Sultanate's countryside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200296-93">[89]</a> On the other hand, Dutch forces were curtailed by disease, uncooperative local nobles, many of which held sympathies or outright sided with Diponegoro,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200297-2">[2]</a> and a hostile populace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002155–156-95">[91]</a> By April 1827, 1,600 of de Kock's men had been killed, limiting his ability to control the countryside. Furthermore, the governor-general <a href="Leonard_du_Bus_de_Gisignies" title="Leonard du Bus de Gisignies">Leonard du Bus</a> slashed government spending, limiting de Kock's ability to recruit native soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002111–112-96">[92]</a> De Kock would later compare Diponegoro's guerilla campaign with the <a href="War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">war in the Vendée</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002113-97">[93]</a>

Between December 1826 and January 1827, little military action occurred, as both sides opted against attacking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002130-94">[90]</a> Starting in February, Dutch forces went on the offensive, attacking Diponegoro's base several times between February and June and forcing him to move bases or temporarily retreat. Dutch forces began establishing field fortifications in 1827 on a large scale in order to secure key supply routes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002131–133-98">[94]</a> After two of his commanders defected to the Dutch in July 1827, Diponegoro was defeated in a series of battles and was forced away from the city of Yogyakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002141–145-99">[95]</a> By late 1827, Diponegoro's forces had scattered into smaller groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002131–133-98">[94]</a> Both sides agreed to a brief ceasefire to negotiate between August and September 1827, but no agreement was reached and fighting continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002137–139-100">[96]</a>

During the ceasefire, Diponegoro had moved west along the south coast, crossing into the Bagelen area west of Yogyakarta by October 1827. This caught Dutch forces stationed there by surprise, and after a series of assaults on Dutch strongpoints, Diponegoro's men were initially pushed inland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002159–161-101">[97]</a> By early 1828, rebel forces in the vicinity of Yogyakarta and Surakarta had been reduced to small groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002177–178-102">[98]</a> These would be further reduced by a Dutch operation which lasted until July 1828, and more field fortifications were constructed to deny rebels the ability to regain control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002193–202-103">[99]</a> Meanwhile, Diponegoro's men continued to cross into Bagelen, largely taking over its countryside by the end of the year while Dutch control was limited to the immediate vicinity of their fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002228-104">[100]</a>

Beyond the vicinity of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, other areas of Java also saw fighting. In the northeastern coast near Dutch-held <a href="Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>, a rebel army operated under Prince Serang, supported by his mother <a href="Nyi_Ageng_Serang" title="Nyi Ageng Serang">Nyi Ageng Serang</a> (in command of a cavalry unit).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015613–614-105">[101]</a> Prince Serang's forces reportedly had a strength of 8,000 at the beginning of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015613–615-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200291–93-107">[103]</a> They surrendered in mid-1827.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015613–614-105">[101]</a> Another area of rebel activity was modern <a href="East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> – near <a href="Rembang" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembang">Rembang</a> under <a href="Sasradilaga_rebellion" title="Sasradilaga rebellion">Raden Aria Sasradilaga</a> (Diponegoro's brother-in-law),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015617–618-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> and around <a href="Ngawi_(town)" title="Ngawi (town)">Ngawi</a> and <a href="Madiun" title="Madiun">Madiun</a> under Raden Ayu Yudakusuma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015614–615-110">[106]</a> The two groups briefly merged in November 1827 – March 1828 until Sasradilaga's defeat, after which Yudokusumo continued her campaign until surrendering in October 1828. The Dutch described Yudakusuma as "a clever but much dreaded woman", and she led an attack on Ngawi's Chinese community in September 1825.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015614–615-110">[106]</a> These activities led to the construction of fortifications around Semarang and Madiun, although most were still constructed within Diponegoro's area of operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002323-111">[107]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebel_collapse">Rebel collapse</h3></div>

Dutch command expanded its fortification strategy, known as Bentengsteelsel, in 1828 and 1829. Indonesian military historian <a href="Saleh_Djamhari" title="Saleh Djamhari">Saleh Djamhari</a> tabulated the construction dates of 258 forts during the war, of which 133 were constructed in 1828–1829. These were especially concentrated in the vicinity of Yogyakarta and the Bagelen area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002322-113">[109]</a> The rebels were confined during this period into a <a href="Pocket_(military)" title="Pocket (military)">killing area</a> between the <a href="Progo_River" title="Progo River">Progo</a> and Bogowonto rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002238-114">[110]</a> Dutch forces also began employing more repressive tactics during this period to sap Diponegoro's support base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002242-115">[111]</a> In November 1828, key rebel commander <a href="Kyai_Maja" title="Kyai Maja">Kyai Maja</a> was ambushed, and surrendered to the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002244-116">[112]</a>

The war took a slower pace in early 1829 as Dutch forces reorganized and prepared for a finishing blow, with a three-month ceasefire between the parties in January–April 1829.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002255–262-117">[113]</a> During this time, Diponegoro's commander Sentot became engaged in disputes with civilian administrators, which further weakened the rebel war effort. Popular support for Diponegoro in his area of operations had declined significantly, due to hardships caused by the war. In some cases, local villagers outright attacked Diponegoro's officials. The rebel leadership also faced food shortages and were running out of money to pay their troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015650–651-118">[114]</a>

The Dutch offensive was launched in June 1829. Diponegoro was defeated in several encounters within a space of two months, though not captured, and lost a number of strongpoints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002262–267-119">[115]</a> By September 1829, Diponegoro and Sentot had been forced into a smaller area in the <a href="Kedu_Plain" title="Kedu Plain">Progo Valley</a>, with just 300 soldiers. Dutch command discovered their position, and they were <a href="Battle_of_Siluk" title="Battle of Siluk">decisively defeated at the village of Siluk</a> on 17 September. During the battle, many of Diponegoro's commanders were killed in action, and the remnants of the rebels split in two with one group led by Diponegoro and another by Sentot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002268–269-120">[116]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h3></div>

Following his defeat in Siluk, coupled with <a href="Ambush_at_Mount_Kelir" title="Ambush at Mount Kelir">the death of Prince Jayakusuma</a> shortly after, Diponegoro's situation became untenable. Most of his commanders had been killed, captured, or surrendered, with Sentot surrendering in October 1829.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015652–659-121">[117]</a> His other remaining commanders gave up the fight, leaving Diponegoro with around fifty men as his personal escorts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015660-122">[118]</a> The Dutch and the new governor-general <a href="Johannes_van_den_Bosch" title="Johannes van den Bosch">Johannes van den Bosch</a> received explicit instructions from Dutch King <a href="William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> that Diponegoro was to be killed or captured, and no agreement was to be entered. De Kock, on the other hand, was much more open to negotiations, and he managed to lobby Van den Bosch to grant Diponegoro safe conduct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015666–668-123">[119]</a>

After a successful early meeting in February 1830 with the Dutch local commander,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015673-124">[120]</a> Diponegoro journeyed to <a href="Magelang" title="Magelang">Magelang</a> in order to meet personally with de Kock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015675-125">[121]</a> After several informal meetings between the two,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015677–683-126">[122]</a> Diponegoro gave de Kock a visit at the Dutch Resident's house on 28 March. During this visit, de Kock announced Diponegoro's arrest, and Dutch soldiers surrounded the house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015689–694-127">[123]</a> Diponegoro's 100 or so escort troops were away on morning exercises at the time of the arrest, and were disarmed peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015693-128">[124]</a> Diponegoro was taken away that day to <a href="Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> to be exiled, ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015699–700-129">[125]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div>

Diponegoro was exiled to <a href="Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a> with a number of followers, as colonial authorities saw that keeping him in Java posed an unacceptable risk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015706-130">[126]</a> He was moved to the more fortified <a href="Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> in 1833 due to concerns of a British attack on Manado in the event of an European conflict – the Dutch feared that Diponegoro with British support might lead another revolt in Java.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015734–738-131">[127]</a> Diponegoro would be restricted to <a href="Fort_Rotterdam" title="Fort Rotterdam">Fort Rotterdam</a> starting in 1849, and he died on 8 January 1855.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015751–752-132">[128]</a> Sentot was given command of a Javanese unit and took part in the <a href="Padri_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Padri War">Padri War</a>, but was then exiled to <a href="Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a> in 1833.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015652-133">[129]</a>

The war had caused severe damage to Java, especially in modern <a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> and <a href="East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, along with parts of the north coast outside of those provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey197652-11">[8]</a> At least 200,000 Javanese were killed, with the number of combat deaths believed to be 20,000 or less.<a href="#cite_note-tatequote-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-statenc-13">[10]</a> Between 1825 and 1831, colonial authorities in affected regions reported a population decline in Mataram, Yogyakarta, and Gunung Kidul areas from just over 400 thousand to under 200 thousand. One-third of Java's population of 6 million were directly affected by the war, and around one-quarter of arable land in Java were damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey197652-11">[8]</a>

The Dutch annexed significant proportions of the princely states' remaining territories – namely outlying areas known as mancanagara – shortly after the war, leaving the Yogyakarta Sultanate with the modern boundary of the <a href="Yogyakarta_Special_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta Special Region">Yogyakarta Special Region</a> (with a small amount of territory within the region held by the Pakualaman).<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> The Sunan of Surakarta, <a href="Pakubuwono_VI" title="Pakubuwono VI">Pakubuwono VI</a>, was deposed by the Dutch and exiled to <a href="Ambon%2C_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon</a> in 1830 due to Dutch suspicions of him working with Diponegoro.<a href="#cite_note-paku-135">[131]</a> Diponegoro's descendants were barred from entering Yogyakarta's keraton until 1950, when the sultanate under <a href="Hamengkubuwono_IX" title="Hamengkubuwono IX">Hamengkubuwono IX</a> reconciled with the descendants.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> The rump princely states no longer posed a threat to the Dutch, which now had full control of Javanese lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015654-138">[134]</a> No further significant military threats to Dutch rule to Java would happen until the <a href="Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and the ensuing <a href="Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-statenc-13">[10]</a>

To the Dutch, the war had cost 15,000 military dead – 8,000 Dutch and 7,000 native Indonesian recruits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey197652-11">[8]</a> Most Dutch military fatalities were due to tropical diseases exacerbated by poor hygiene in field hospitals, while native Indonesian fatalities were mostly combat related.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Out of a 3,154-strong expeditionary force sent from the Netherlands during the war, two-thirds had died by 1830.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002294-56">[52]</a> The financial cost of the war was estimated at 20 to 25 million <a href="Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">guilders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey197652-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002294-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[e]</a> This financial cost, coupled with the <a href="Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> which broke out shortly after the war's end, heavily strained the Dutch government finances. The costs would be recouped following the introduction of the <a href="Cultivation_System" title="Cultivation System">Cultivation System</a> by new Governor-General <a href="Johannes_van_den_Bosch" title="Johannes van den Bosch">Johannes van den Bosch</a> in 1830, which generated immense profits for the Dutch through a coerced labor system.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> Revenues from the Cultivation System to the Dutch treasury was estimated at over 800 million guilders until its abolition in the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015654-138">[134]</a>

Heavy casualties and costs to the Dutch colonial army resulted in changes of how the colonial government approached colonial wars, especially outside Java and Sumatra. In order to avoid guerilla warfare and attrition, Dutch forces adopted a <a href="Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">shock and awe</a> approach with coastal bombardments and large-scale landings, intended to break any intent to resist from local populations and rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen2012282-143">[138]</a> Manpower shortages and increased doubts on the loyalty of native troops after the war led to the recruitment of Africans into the Dutch colonial army, known in Indonesia as <a href="Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Belanda Hitam</a> ("Black Dutch").<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depictions_and_historiography">Depictions and historiography</h3></div>

The war has inspired a number of artistic depictions, especially in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Just the capture of Diponegoro at the end of the war inspired two nineteenth-century paintings: <a href="The_Submission_of_Prince_Dipo_Negoro_to_General_De_Kock" title="The Submission of Prince Dipo Negoro to General De Kock">The Submission of Prince Dipo Negoro to General De Kock</a> by Dutch painter <a href="Nicolaas_Pieneman" title="Nicolaas Pieneman">Nicolaas Pieneman</a>, and <a href="The_Arrest_of_Pangeran_Diponegoro" title="The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro">The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro</a> by Javanese painter <a href="Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Raden Saleh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> 20th-century Indonesian painters who had depicted the war include <a href="Basuki_Abdullah" title="Basuki Abdullah">Basuki Abdullah</a>, Sindoedarsono Soedjojono, and Hendra Gunawan.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> The 1979 Indonesian movie <a href="November_1828" title="November 1828">November 1828</a> by <a href="Teguh_Karya" title="Teguh Karya">Teguh Karya</a> depicted the war, and became at the time the most expensive Indonesian movie ever made,<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> while also becoming "a classic and iconic nationalist text".<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a>

During his exile, Diponegoro wrote the Babad Diponegoro, a manuscript of over 1,000 pages styled as poetry.<a href="#cite_note-harian-150">[145]</a> A <a href="Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> (shadow puppet) show directly narrates the war based on the Babad.<a href="#cite_note-harian-150">[145]</a> It has also been used as a primary source by Dutch and Indonesian authors writing histories of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015xvi–xvii-151">[146]</a> Another Javanese account of the war, the Babad Kedung Kebo, was written in the early 1840s by Surakartan noble Cokronegoro I, who had fought on the Dutch side during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey20173–4-152">[147]</a> The definitive Dutch historical account of the war was published in six volumes between 1894 and 1909,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2017xi-153">[148]</a> while the best-known English-language writing on the war was written by British historian <a href="Peter_Carey_(historian)" title="Peter Carey (historian)">Peter Carey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</h3></div>

The war had a long-term influence on the relationship between the Chinese community in Java and the Javanese people. In addition to Dutch colonists, the Chinese minority in Java was also targeted by Diponegoro's forces. For example, the Chinese residents of Ngawi and Bengawan Solo's riverbanks were massacred in September 1825. The Diponegoro troops despised the Dutch and the Chinese as foreign 'infidels' who had come to pillage Java.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> On the other hand, Chinese and mixed communities in the North Coast of Java, mostly converts to Islam, fought as part of Sasradilaga's army in 1827–1828. Chinese merchants were also suppliers of arms and money to Diponegoro's forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015617–618-108">[104]</a> Diponegoro accepted Chinese recruits to his army, though he expected them to convert to Islam – involving circumcision, saying the <a href="Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>, and cutting their <a href="Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue pigtails</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015620-157">[152]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesian_nationalism">Indonesian nationalism</h3></div>

The war, and Diponegoro, has been attributed as the origin of Indonesian nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949449–450-158">[153]</a> During the <a href="Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesian National Awakening</a>, imagery of Diponegoro and the Java War was used by Indonesian nationalists as an unifying factor of resistance against colonial rule, in favor of the more sectarian Islamic angle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949449–450-158">[153]</a> Various non-government institutions – ranging from the Islamist <a href="Masyumi_Party" title="Masyumi Party">Masyumi Party</a> to the now-banned <a href="Indonesian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Communist Party">Indonesian Communist Party</a> – use Diponegoro as an icon or claim inspiration from his rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a>

Diponegoro was declared a <a href="National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Hero of Indonesia</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> Prior to the official designation, many Indonesian leaders had publicly referred to Diponegoro as a national hero, especially during the <a href="Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949424–425-162">[157]</a> A number of Indonesian institutions are named after Diponegoro – such as <a href="Kodam_IV/Diponegoro" title="Kodam IV/Diponegoro">an Indonesian Army military district</a> and a <a href="Diponegoro_University" title="Diponegoro University">state-funded university</a> – along with street names in most Indonesian cities.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-states-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-states_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-states_3-1">b</a> Yogyakarta and Surakarta did not fully commit against Diponegoro. A large number of aristocrats openly sided with Diponegoro, while others provided covert support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015795–806-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200297-2">[2]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> At the outbreak of the war, the <a href="Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Dutch colonial army</a> in the Indies numbered 12,500. A further 13,000 would be recruited throughout the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen2012280-4">[3]</a> Dutch reports in 1828 stated that the army had 24,685 infantrymen and 1,133 cavalry, including defectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002239-5">[4]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> At the beginning of the war, Diponegoro divided his forces into sixteen units with a nominal strength of 1,000 men and several royal guard units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200268–70-7">[5]</a> However, spontaneous uprisings by local villagers numbered as high as 55,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200291-8">[6]</a> and other armies not directly under Diponegoro's command also operated, numbering as high as 8,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200293-9">[7]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Hamengkubuwono II had previously also been deposed by Daendels in favor of Hamengkubuwono III in December 1810,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015262-23">[20]</a> but retook the throne in 1811.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015271–273-24">[21]</a> He would later be reinstalled during the war, on 17 August 1826, and remained Sultan until his death in 1828.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015389,_760-25">[22]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> For comparison, the Dutch <a href="Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">GNI</a> was around 430 million guilders before the war.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015795–806-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015795–806_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 795–806.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200297-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200297_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200297_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 97.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen2012280-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroen2012280_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroen2012280_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGroen2012">Groen 2012</a>, p. 280.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002239-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002239_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 239.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200268–70-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200268–70_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200268–70_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 68–70.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200291-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200291_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 91.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200293-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200293_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 93.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey197652-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey197652_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey197652_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey197652_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey197652_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey197652_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey197652_11-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey1976">Carey 1976</a>, p. 52.

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFBlank1993" class="citation book cs1">Blank, Stephen (May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRFo1zVGfl0C&dq=one+tenth+javanese+combat+death+java+war&pg=PA281">Responding to Low-Intensity Conflict Challenges</a>. DIANE Publishing. p. 281. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-56806-436-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-statenc-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statenc_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statenc_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statenc_13-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&dq=java+war+combat+deaths+20+thousand&pg=PA236">Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed</a>. McFarland. p. 236. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4766-2585-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201512-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey201512_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 12.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201535–36-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey201535–36_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 35–36.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015xi–xii-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015xi–xii_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. xi–xii.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015157-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015157_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 157.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015159–160-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015159–160_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 159–160.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015218–222-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015218–222_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 218–222.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015275–287-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015275–287_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 275–287.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015312–315-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015312–315_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 312–315.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015331–343-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015331–343_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 331–343.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015262-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015262_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 262.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015271–273-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015271–273_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 271–273.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015389,_760-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015389,_760_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 389, 760.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015359–362-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015359–362_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 359–362.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015464–465-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015464–465_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 464–465.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015377–381-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015377–381_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 377–381.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201569–72-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey201569–72_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 69–72.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015132–146-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015132–146_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 132–146.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015150-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015150_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 150.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015324–325-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015324–325_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 324–325.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949426-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949426_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Kroef1949">van der Kroef 1949</a>, p. 426.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015405–409-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015405–409_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 405–409.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015431-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015431_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 431.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015443–453-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015443–453_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 443–453.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015458–462-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015458–462_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 458–462.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015485–493-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015485–493_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 485–493.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015494–495-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015494–495_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 494–495.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015515-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015515_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 515.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015495–498-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015495–498_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 495–498.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015502–503-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015502–503_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 502–503.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015507–510-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015507–510_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 507–510.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015517–518-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015517–518_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 517–518.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015525–527-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015525–527_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 525–527.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015532–534-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015532–534_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 532–534.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015541–542-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015541–542_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 541–542.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015543–547-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015543–547_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 543–547.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015550–551-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015550–551_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 550–551.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015560–561-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015560–561_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015560–561_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 560–561.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015591–594-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015591–594_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 591–594.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015597–602-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015597–602_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 597–602.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894257-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894257_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894257_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894">De Klerck & Louw 1894</a>, p. 257. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRicklefs2008" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xelQPgAACAAJ">A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 178. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8047-6130-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002294-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002294_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002294_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002294_56-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 294.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201567-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey201567_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 67.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PD7EAAAQBAJ">Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648</a>. BRILL. 2021. p. 10. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-47635-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002187–188-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002187–188_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 187–188.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015609-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015609_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015609_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 609.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015795–798-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015795–798_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 795–798.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1905480–481-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1905480–481_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1905">De Klerck & Louw 1905</a>, pp. 480–481.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190410-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190410_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1904">De Klerck & Louw 1904</a>, p. 10. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1904 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190410–11-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190410–11_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1904">De Klerck & Louw 1904</a>, pp. 10–11. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1904 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015182-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015182_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 182.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015797-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015797_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 797.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey20155–7-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey20155–7_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 5–7.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw19048-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw19048_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1904">De Klerck & Louw 1904</a>, p. 8. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1904 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190575–78-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190575–78_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1905">De Klerck & Louw 1905</a>, pp. 75–78.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190540–41-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw190540–41_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1905">De Klerck & Louw 1905</a>, pp. 40–41.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015607-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015607_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015607_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 607.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015631-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015631_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 631.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200271-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200271_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200271_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 71.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201592-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey201592_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 92.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201571-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey201571_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 71.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015608-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015608_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015608_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 608.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015610-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015610_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 610.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015598-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015598_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 598.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894257–259-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894257–259_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894">De Klerck & Louw 1894</a>, pp. 257–259. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894253-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894253_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894">De Klerck & Louw 1894</a>, p. 253. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894261-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894261_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894">De Klerck & Louw 1894</a>, p. 261. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894263-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894263_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894">De Klerck & Louw 1894</a>, p. 263. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894265-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894265_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894">De Klerck & Louw 1894</a>, p. 265. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894303-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894303_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894">De Klerck & Louw 1894</a>, p. 303. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894322-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894322_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894">De Klerck & Louw 1894</a>, p. 322. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894340–360-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894340–360_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894">De Klerck & Louw 1894</a>, pp. 340–360. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894396-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1894396_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894">De Klerck & Louw 1894</a>, p. 396. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1894 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200281-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200281_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 81.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200283–84-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200283–84_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 83–84.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1897386–390-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_KlerckLouw1897386–390_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1897">De Klerck & Louw 1897</a>, pp. 386–390. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1897 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200285-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200285_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200285_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 85.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015642-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015642_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 642.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200296-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200296_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200296_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 96.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002130-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002130_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002130_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 130.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002155–156-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002155–156_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 155–156.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002111–112-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002111–112_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 111–112.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002113-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002113_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 113.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002131–133-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002131–133_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002131–133_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 131–133.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002141–145-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002141–145_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 141–145.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002137–139-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002137–139_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 137–139.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002159–161-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002159–161_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 159–161.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002177–178-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002177–178_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 177–178.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002193–202-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002193–202_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 193–202.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002228-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002228_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 228.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015613–614-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015613–614_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015613–614_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 613–614.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015613–615-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015613–615_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 613–615.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200291–93-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari200291–93_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 91–93.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015617–618-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015617–618_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015617–618_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 617–618.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThamrin2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thamrin, Mahandis Yoanata (17 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/132510881/kecamuk-perang-jawa-suratan-tragis-sang-pangeran-yang-kesepian-di-zaman-edan?page=all">"Kecamuk Perang Jawa: Suratan Tragis Sang Pangeran yang Kesepian di Zaman Edan"</a>. nationalgeographic.grid.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015614–615-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015614–615_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015614–615_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 614–615.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002323-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002323_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 323.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002314,_325-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002314,_325_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 314, 325.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002322-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002322_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 322.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002238-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002238_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 238.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002242-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002242_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 242.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002244-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002244_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, p. 244.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002255–262-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002255–262_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 255–262.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015650–651-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015650–651_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 650–651.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002262–267-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002262–267_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 262–267.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002268–269-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjamhari2002268–269_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjamhari2002">Djamhari 2002</a>, pp. 268–269.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015652–659-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015652–659_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 652–659.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015660-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015660_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 660.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015666–668-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015666–668_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 666–668.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015673-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015673_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 673.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015675-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015675_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 675.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015677–683-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015677–683_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 677–683.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015689–694-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015689–694_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 689–694.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015693-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015693_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 693.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015699–700-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015699–700_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 699–700.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015706-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015706_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 706.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015734–738-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015734–738_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 734–738.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015751–752-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015751–752_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. 751–752.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015652-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015652_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 652.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kratonjogja.id/tata-rakiting/19-wilayah-yogyakarta-dari-giyanti-hingga-kini/">"Wilayah Yogyakarta dari Giyanti Hingga Kini"</a> (in Indonesian). Karaton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-paku-135"><a href="#cite_ref-paku_135-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSugiarto2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sugiarto, R. Toto (1 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjdlEAAAQBAJ">Pakubuwono VI (1807-1849) hingga Sultan Agung (1591-1645): Seri Ensiklopedi Pahlawan Perintis Kemerdekaan Indonesia</a> (in Indonesian). Hikam Pustaka. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-623-311-378-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2827112/tak-mau-ribut-keturunan-diponegoro-tolak-warisan-tanah-dan-emas">"Tak Mau Ribut, Keturunan Diponegoro Tolak 'Warisan' Tanah dan Emas"</a>. detiknews (in Indonesian). 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.republika.co.id/berita/mkcka5/hari-ini-pangeran-diponegoro-dijebak-dan-ditangkap">"Hari Ini Pangeran Diponegoro Dijebak dan Ditangkap"</a>. Republika Online (in Indonesian). 28 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015654-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015654_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015654_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 654.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCareyNoor2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carey, Peter; Noor, Farish A. (10 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haWBEAAAQBAJ&dq=peter+carey+baru+datang&pg=PA74">Ras, Kuasa, dan Kekerasan Kolonial di Hindia Belanda</a> (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. pp. 65–66. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-602-481-657-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/docs/mono5.pdf">"DUTCH GNP AND ITS COMPONENTS, 1800-1913"</a> (PDF). Groningen Growth and Development Centre. p. 172. Retrieved 20 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarrisCogan2023" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Peter; Cogan, Dominic de (21 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSXWEAAAQBAJ">Studies in the History of Tax Law, Volume 11</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 238–240. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5099-6327-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroen2012282-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroen2012282_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGroen2012">Groen 2012</a>, p. 282.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAbbinkWalravenBruijn2003" class="citation book cs1">Abbink, Jon; Walraven, Klaas van; Bruijn, Mirjam de (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9W1PEAAAQBAJ">Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History</a>. BRILL. pp. 146, 167. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-474-0162-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/11/20/the-art-of-revolutionary-wars.html">"The art of revolutionary wars - Art & Culture"</a>. The Jakarta Post. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.id/kultur/articles/raden-saleh-melawan-dengan-lukisan-P3oOX/">"Raden Saleh Melawan dengan Lukisan"</a>. Historia (in Indonesian). 17 September 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.terakota.id/gambar-babad-diponegoro/">"Gambar Babad Diponegoro"</a>. Terakota (in Indonesian). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIrwansyah_2010-04-23,_25_film" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Irwansyah, Ade (23 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204231450/http://www.tabloidbintang.com/extra/top-list/2752.html?start=4">"25 film Indonesia Terbaik Sepanjang Masa"</a> [25 Best Indonesian Movies of All Time]. Tabloid Bintang (in Indonesian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabloidbintang.com/extra/top-list/2752.html?start=4">the original</a> on 4 December 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSun2009" class="citation book cs1">Sun, Wanning (4 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wsF_AgAAQBAJ">Media and the Chinese Diaspora: Community, Communications and Commerce</a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-134-26358-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-harian-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harian_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harian_150-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jogjapolitan.harianjogja.com/read/2020/11/13/510/1055226/wayang-diponegoro-unik-menambah-pemahaman-sejarah-lebih-utuh">"Wayang Diponegoro, Unik & Menambah Pemahaman Sejarah Lebih Utuh"</a>. Harian Jogja (in Indonesian). 13 November 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015xvi–xvii-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015xvi–xvii_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, pp. xvi–xvii.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey20173–4-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey20173–4_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2017">Carey 2017</a>, pp. 3–4.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2017xi-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2017xi_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2017">Carey 2017</a>, p. xi.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/index.php/indonesia/2023/12/20/direct-relationship-to-diponegoro-is-irrelevant-what-matters-is-service-carey.html">"Direct relationship to Diponegoro is irrelevant. What matters is service: Carey"</a>. The Jakarta Post. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFArdanareswari2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ardanareswari, Indira (25 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tirto.id/pangeran-diponegoro-dan-sentimen-anti-tionghoa-dalam-perang-jawa-euvb">"Pangeran Diponegoro dan Sentimen Anti-Tionghoa dalam Perang Jawa"</a>. tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 November 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarey1984" class="citation journal cs1">Carey, Peter (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3350933">"Changing Javanese Perceptions of the Chinese Communities in Central Java, 1755-1825"</a>. Indonesia (37): 1–47. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3350933">10.2307/3350933</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F53781">1813/53781</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7289">0019-7289</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3350933">3350933</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2015620-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2015620_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarey2015">Carey 2015</a>, p. 620.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949449–450-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949449–450_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949449–450_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Kroef1949">van der Kroef 1949</a>, pp. 449–450.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMadinier2015" class="citation book cs1">Madinier, Remy (31 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jxlxCgAAQBAJ">Islam and Politics in Indonesia: The Masyumi Party between Democracy and Integralism</a>. NUS Press. p. 8. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9971-69-843-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.unesco.org/sites/default/files/webform/mow001/indonesia_netherlands_babad_diponegoro.pdf">"MEMORY OF THE WORLD REGISTER - Babad Diponegoro or Autobiographical Chronicle of Prince Diponegoro (1785-1855)"</a> (PDF). <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Retrieved 9 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2024/05/08/170000479/biografi-pangeran-diponegoro-sang-pemimpin-perang-jawa?page=all">"Biografi Pangeran Diponegoro, Sang Pemimpin Perang Jawa"</a>. KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 8 May 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949424–425-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Kroef1949424–425_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Kroef1949">van der Kroef 1949</a>, pp. 424–425.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSudardi2019" class="citation book cs1">Sudardi, Bani (8 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.20-8-2019.2288135">"Moral Identity in the Text Babad Diponegoro"</a>. Proceedings of the Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference Education Culture and Technology, ICONECT 2019, 20-21 August 2019, Kudus, Indonesia. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4108%2Feai.20-8-2019.2288135">10.4108/eai.20-8-2019.2288135</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-63190-197-3</bdi>. Retrieved 25 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCarey1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Peter_Carey_(historian)" title="Peter Carey (historian)">Carey, Peter B. R.</a> (1976). "The origins of the Java War (1825–30)". The English Historical Review. XCI (CCCLVIII): 52–78. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCI.CCCLVIII.52">10.1093/ehr/XCI.CCCLVIII.52</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCarey2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Peter_Carey_(historian)" title="Peter Carey (historian)">Carey, Peter B. R.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mND7EAAAQBAJ">The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, 1785-1855</a>. BRILL. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-6718-303-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCarey2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Peter_Carey_(historian)" title="Peter Carey (historian)">Carey, Peter B. R.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YrQ8DwAAQBAJ">Sisi Lain Diponegoro: Babad Kedung Kebo dan Historiografi Perang Jawa</a> (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-602-424-681-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDe_KlerckLouw1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Klerck, Eduard Servaas; Louw, Johan Frederik (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69795">De Java-oorlog Van 1825-30</a> [The Java War of 1825-30] (in Dutch). Batavia Landsdrukkerij.</cite></li></ul>

<dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=L_VovwEACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Volume I (1894)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=gFVKAAAAYAAJ">Volume II (1897)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dejavaoorlogvan100louw/page/n3/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater">Volume III (1904)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69795/page/n3/mode/2up">Volume IV (1905)</a></li></ul></dd></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDjamhari2002" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Saleh_Djamhari" title="Saleh Djamhari">Djamhari, Saleh A.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=82372&lokasi=lokal">Stelsel benteng dalam pemberontakan Diponegoro 1827-1830: suatu kajian sejarah perang</a> (Thesis) (in Indonesian). <a href="University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGroen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Groen, Petra (2012). "Colonial warfare and military ethics in the Netherlands East Indies, 1816–1941". <a href="Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 14 (3–4): 277–296. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2012.719365">10.1080/14623528.2012.719365</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Kroef1949" class="citation journal cs1">van der Kroef, Justus M. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049542">"Prince Diponegoro: Progenitor of Indonesian Nationalism"</a>. The Far Eastern Quarterly. 8 (4): 424–450. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2049542">10.2307/2049542</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6917">0363-6917</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049542">2049542</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Java_War" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Java War">Java War</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2045508#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2045508#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86000224">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536521005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/c7dcb0b1-9e07-4fc4-a6f6-e9ea21570441">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Java_War&oldid=1301521011">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>